critical thinking，批判性思维，理性即自由，避免简单的依靠feelings行动，而是要努力think critically。
一个人的思维能力，就体现在（1）解决问题的过程和方法上，（2）生活工作中如何做判断做决策，（3）增进理解。
thinking is a conscious mental process performed to solve a problem, make a decision, or gain understanding
关键问题：
- 从哪些方面体现一个人是否具有批判性思维？
- 我们何以成为自己？
- 思考是什么？
- 思考分成哪三种？
- 批判性思考的最基本要求是什么？
本书强调思考的重要性和价值，这也是我之前阅读心理学和认知科学的最大收获，很多内容是相通的，比如快思考与慢思考，潜意识与意识，感觉与理性。只不过从不同的角度阐述同一个主题，从多个角度学习，更有收获。
重读第一部分的01和02，了解相关概念，跳过第一部分的的03-07，直接重读第二三部分。本书第二部分（常见思考陷阱）和第三部分（具体的思考方法论）是关键。
Introduction
Feeling and thought are perfectly complementary. Feeling, being more spontaneous, is an excellent beginning to the development of conclusions. And thought, being more deliberate, provides a way to identify the best and most appropriate feeling. Both are natural.
Thinking, however, is less automatic than feeling. To do it well demands a systematic approach and guided practice.
那怎么体现一个人是否具有critical thinking，答案是看your ability to solve problems and make decisions。这也是训练思维的价值所在—解决生活和工作中的问题，做出正确的关键决策。
The book has three main sections. The first, “The Context,” will help you understand such important concepts as individuality, critical thinking, truth, knowledge, opinion, evidence, and argument and overcome attitudes and ideas that obstruct critical thinking.
The second section, “The Pitfalls,” will teach you to recognize and avoid the most common errors in thinking.
The third section, “A Strategy,” will help you acquire the various skills used in addressing problems and issues.This section includes tips on identifying and overcoming your personal intellectual weaknesses as well as techniques for becoming more observant, clarifying issues, conducting inquiries, evaluating evidence, analyzing other people’s views, and making sound judgments.
Part one：the context
本章介绍几个和批判性思维相关的关键概念： individuality, critical thinking, truth, knowledge, opinion, evidence, and argument
01 who are you？
我们是如何被塑造的？
环境塑造一个人
潜移默化的idea或信念
宏观的生活环境，比如广告和媒体杂志引导我们“非黑即白“的绝对化思考方式。【平时看广告，一定要先质疑，弄清楚广告的宣传套路～】
A man who coaches writers for talk shows offered one client this advice: “If I ask you whether the budget deficit is a good thing or a bad thing, you should not say, ‘Well, it stimulates the economy but it passes on a burden.’ You have to say ‘It’s a great idea!’ or ‘It’s a terrible idea!’ It doesn’t matter which.” (Translation: “Don’t give a balanced answer. Give an oversimplified one because it will get you noticed.”)
德鲁克强调的回馈分析法（feedback analysis）
Note: One of the best ways to develop your thinking (and writing) skills is to record your observations, questions, and ideas in a journal and then, as time permits, to reflect on what you have recorded — considering the meaning and application of the observations, answering the questions, elaborating on the ideas (and, where appropriate, challenging them), and recording your insights.
02 what is critical thinking? 很好的一部分！
思考的discipline，让我起了“自律即自由”（当年初读此书也写了这个note），只有主动意识下的自律，才是真正的自由体现，而不是被别人和环境引导思考和决定。
思考是什么？思考分成哪三种？批判性思考的最基本要求是什么？
In contrast to feeling, thinking is a conscious mental process performed to solve a problem, make a decision, or gain understanding
There are three broad categories of thinking: reflective, creative, and critical. The focus of this book is on critical thinking. The essence of critical thinking is evaluation. Critical thinking, therefore, may be defined as the process by which we test claims and arguments and determine which have merit and which do not. In other words, critical thinking is a search for answers, a quest. Not surprisingly, one of the most important techniques used in critical thinking is asking probing questions. Where the uncritical accept their first thoughts and other people’s statements at face value, critical thinkers challenge all ideas
批判性思考者的两个基本表现：提出正确的问题（asking appropriate question），控制思维活动（control of one’s mental activities）！不要做思想上的奴隶，一种高级的自律或秩序是mental discipline！
提出正确的问题，就像TRIZ等问题解决方法论中的“问题定义”，需要更深入的分析（使用特定的流程和原则），搞清楚问题的本质是什么，这样才是真正的、正确的问题。
控制思维活动，就像之前我看的《比知识还多》的内容，德博诺的一套思维原则来引导思维，这个还算比较抽象，更具体的就是TRIZ和六西格玛了，各有特色。 所以思维和TRIZ，六西格玛都能串起来。
We have already noted one characteristic of critical thinkers — skill in asking appropriate questions. Another is control of one’s mental activities.
As the desirable qualities suggest, critical thinking depends on mental discipline. Effective thinkers exert control over their mental life, direct their thoughts rather than being directed by them, and withhold their endorsement of any idea — even their own — until they have tested and confirmed it. John Dewey equated this mental discipline with freedom. That is, he argued that people who do not have it are not free persons but slaves to whim or circumstance:
If a man’s actions are not guided by thoughtful conclusions, then they are guided by inconsiderate impulse, unbalanced appetite, caprice, or the circumstances of the moment. To cultivate unhindered, unreflective external activity is to foster enslavement, for it leaves the person at the mercy of appetite, sense, and circumstance.
批判性思考的基本流程：三步走，一是调查收集证据，二是分析证据和数据，三是作出判断。
Basic Activities in Critical Thinking
The basic activities in critical thinking are investigation, interpretation, and judgment, in that order.
03 – 07
暂未重读，以后有时间再看，这不是重读的重点，重点在part2和part3
2020-9-1 两个早晨地铁时间读完introduction
2020-9-9 读完02部分 ，第一部分就先读这些，重点转向二三部分。
2020-10-12 早晨地铁，重复已经整理的笔记
2020-11-14，早晨重读一遍，增加新的思考和文首的总结，正式发布，拖延太久了。