关键词重点：pitfall（思维障碍），ego（自大自我自信），mine is better，七大错误信念，poverty of aspect，错误的假设（假设思维），绝对化思维（相信一切，质疑一切），从众心理，对变化过度for或agaist。
poverty of aspect is "the chief characteristic of poor thinking.
本读书笔记整理第二部分的第8和9章，很多知识和之前的几本书（《理解世界的七大原则》和《factfullness》）相近，要重读一下。
主要问题：
- ego是什么，有什么表现什么时候最容易ego？
- 七大错误信念是什么？每个错误信念，都是个大坑，要注意。
- 思维能力不强的最关键原因是什么？
part two： the pitfalls
recognize and overcome common errors in thinking.
08 The Basic Problem: "Mine Is Better"
这就是其他图书多次强调的ego！
在ego部分，想起我读博初期的一句口头禅，“这是毫无疑问的”，我自己完全没有意识到，后来师妹问我“师兄，你知道你的口头禅是什么吗？”我一头雾水，听到答案时真的是超级尴尬😅，我才在后续的言语中努力自我观察，这应该是自我意识的一个关键转折点吧。
Egocentric means centered or focused on oneself and interested only in one's own interests, needs, and views.
Ego的之人，以自我为中心，不会多角度看问题，不会换位思考，不会反思，自然难以学会批判性思考！
好为人师者，容易犯这种毛病，指指点点，就容易膨胀了。
Because the perspective of egothink is very limited, egocentric people have difficulty seeing issues from a variety of viewpoints. The world exists for them and is defined by their beliefs and values: What disturbs them should disturb everyone; what is of no consequence to them is unimportant. This attitude makes it difficult for egocentric people to observe, listen, and understand.
It is difficult, indeed, for an egocentric person to become proficient in critical thinking.
ego之人会固执于自己的圈子，并认为其他的圈子都是low的，自己的才是最好的！
ego之人，难以反思，难以发现自己思考中的错误。而且容易被别人“思维操作”，想想诸多的商业推销术和广告策略，想想《影响力》这本书！
Our preference for our own thinking can prevent us from identifying flaws in our own ideas, as well as from seeing and building on other people's ideas.
Furthermore, our readiness to accept uncritically those who appeal to our preconceived notions leaves us vulnerable to those who would manipulate us for their own purposes.
ego或mine is better 是一种过度主观行为，缺乏客观性（从第三方视角看问题看自己）
"Mine-is-better" thinking is the most basic problem for critical thinkers because, left unchecked, it can distort perception and corrupt judgment. The more mired we are in subjectivity, the less effective will be our critical thinking. Though perfect objectivity may be unattainable, by controlling our "mine-is-better" tendencies, we can achieve a significant degree of objectivity.
两种情况下提醒自己，不要陷入mine is better 的陷阱！
第一种：什么时候最容易遭遇ego陷阱？ what we care！对于和自己切身利益或信念无关的，不容易ego。
One way to gain control of "mine-is-better" thinking is to keep in mind that, like other people, we too are prone to it and that its influence will be strongest when the subject is one we really care about.
第二种：发现特定的signal！包括强烈的feeling，不论是positive还是negative，其次一些特定的thoughts，比如“这是毫无疑问的”。
Another way to control "mine-is-better" thinking is to be alert for signals of its presence.
09 errors of perspective 介绍七大错误信念
我们都是带着“有色眼镜”看世界、别人和自己，这个有色眼镜，就是本章要强调的perception！
本章的七个errors让我想起《理解世界的七大原则》和《factfullness》这两本书，很多心理学图书也提到了我们思维上的固有错误，比如《超越智商》等，很多内容是相通的，理解和实践！
Errors of perspective are like seriously distorted lenses, except instead of being perched on our noses, they inhabit our minds. If you are prone to one or more of these errors, you can be sure that they will work their mischief more or less constantly. They will shape the attitudes and habits you bring to the evaluation of issues and create expectations that bias your thinking.
Moreover, you may not even be aware of their existence unless you evaluate your patterns of thought. This chapter is designed to help you do that and to root out whatever errors of perspective are obstructing your critical thinking. We will examine seven specific errors: poverty of aspect, unwarranted assumptions, the either/or outlook, mindless conformity, absolutisim, relativism, and bias for or against change.
09-1 poverty of aspect （tunnel vision） 井底之蛙！缺乏多学科思维！
定义：the limitation that comes from taking a narrow rather than a broad view on problems and issues. 看待问题的视角太小level太低。
这是思维能力不强的最主要原因，巧妇难为无米之炊，脑子里缺乏知识，只能坐井观天了。这也是《穷查理宝典》中查理芒格反复强调的多学科思维模型的必要性！
In Duncker's view, poverty of aspect is "the chief characteristic of poor thinking."
三个原因：
- intellectual sloth 思维上的懒惰
- the multiplication of the academic disciplines 学科专业越分越细，只学自己的学科知识。
- explosion of knowledge 知识爆炸，没时间学（所以更强调第一性原理）
越是复杂的问题，这种缺陷越致命。掌握多学科知识，可以“触类旁通“！而那些有所突破的科学家，很多都是“他山之石 可以攻玉”，用另外一个学科的知识解决了本学科的难题！ 比如我之前看的《费马大定律》一书，比如杨振宁老先生的数学功底极强，而从数学的角度分析物理问题（当然实际比这个复杂，之前有一篇文章，讲到为什么杨振宁有如此成就）。
This poverty creates significant problems in the analysis of complex issues.
对普通人来说，我们要意识到经验和知识的局限性，努力学习其他学科的知识（第一性原理），从多角度看问题，不要急于下结论。
工作之中，一步一步爬，别没有经验就想着解决大问题。
Of course, poverty of aspect is a danger for everyone, not only people with highly specialized educations. Unless you recognize the limitations of your experience and discipline your mind to broaden your outlook beyond the familiar, to examine all relevant points of view, and to understand before judging, you are almost certain to see narrowly and, as a result, to think poorly.
9-2 unwarranted assumptions 不合理的假设，要质疑！
假设思维是一种重要的科学思维，这在统计推理中有明显的解释。
而我们思考和行动依赖的假设太多和太少，都是灾难。假设太少寸步难行，因噎废食，自废武功。假设太多，就是本书这儿要强调的unwarranted assumption。太多和太少之间，就是balance！
假设是什么？Assumptions are ideas that are merely taken for granted rather than produced by conscious thought. Making assumptions is natural enough, and many assumptions are not only harmless but helpful.
假设太少的话，You wouldn't get much accomplished if you had to ponder every move you made each day.
我之前写的“惯性思维”系列思考，就是一些常见的“假设”。
如果生活和工作中，我们有太多的“视为理所应当”，缺乏质疑精神，那就离犯错或碌碌无为不远了。
When are assumptions unwarranted? Whenever you take too much for granted — that is, more than is justified by your experience or the particular circumstance.
书中列举了十几个常见的unwarranted assumption，这些都可以展开，也是其他书中展开分析的。比如“眼见为实”，“有理由的都是合理的”（想想《影响力》这本书》），“多数人支持的就是对的”（或者权威偏见），“线性思考”，“简化思考”（凡事只有一个原因，忽略复杂性），“存在即合理”，“以偏概全”（有缺陷就全盘否定），等等，不摘抄了，下次直接重读和整理《factfulness》读书笔记！
值得多说一句的是，分析问题的关键之一也是细究问题背后的assumption，避免在错误的前提下解决问题，那就缘木求鱼了。
9-3 The Either/Or Outlook 绝对化思维，极端思维，非对即错，缺乏灰色思考
妥协，平衡思维！
生活不是一场辩论，要用尽办法维护自己的观点，驳倒对方的观点，真正的生活是“both正确”。
The either/or outlook is the expectation that the only reasonable view of any issue is either total affirmation or total rejection.
The problem with the either/or outlook is that it rejects the very real possibility that the most reasonable view may be both/and — in other words, a less extreme view.
举例：美国医保怎么改革，维持不变还是全盘否定？
不要只只选择一个答案，融合或妥协更好。
Whenever you are examining an issue and find yourself considering only two alternatives, ask yourself whether additional alternatives exist and, if they do, give them a fair hearing.
9-4 Mindless Conformity无脑跟随，随大流！（群体性思维）
普通的服从/跟随他人就像遵守纪律，秩序，是一种适应性。
The term for behaving as others do is conformity.
In some situations conformity is the wisest course of action. Such conformity makes life easier and safer.
但不假思索的跟随，只是随大流，是一种思考的懒惰。这种人极容易被广告带歪了！广告非常善于使用这个陷阱，营销一种别人都在买的假象。
In contrast, mindless conformity is unreasonable and, in many cases, unreasoning. It consists of following others' example because we are too lazy or fearful to think for ourselves.
要想避免无脑跟随，就要努力意识到类似的场景，避免简单随大流。
The secret to avoiding mindless conformity is to resist whatever pleading, teasing, and prodding others exert to make you think and speak and act as they do. Instead of succumbing, ask yourself what is reasonable and right and follow that path, regardless of whether that places you in the majority or the minority.
9-5 Absolutism 绝对化思考
绝对化思维认为凡事都有规律，没有例外，讨厌例外（aversion to exception），“这是毫无疑问的”，凡事是确定的，没有“不确定性”，等。
过度信赖科学，也是一种绝对化吧，从科学史看，经典物理之外还有量子物理，固执于一种眼前的绝对规律，也容易固步自封。
这种人容易固守自己的信念和判断，
Absolutism is the belief that there must be rules but no exceptions. Absolutists expect the truth about issues to be clear-cut, certain, and simple when, in reality, it often is ambiguous, less than certain, and complex.
9-6 Relativism
relativism认为凡事都因人而异，没有共同的规律，不承认真相和真理的客观性。
如果你提到某个rule，有人就举个例，强调“总有人不符合你的规律”，那这就是用个例去否定rule的存在，翻了relativism的错误。
Relativism is the polar opposite of absolutism. Whereas the absolutist does not acknowledge exceptions to rules, the relativist believes that the existence of exceptions proves there can be no rules. The central error of relativism is the belief that truth is created rather than discovered.
The relativist's credo is "If a person thinks any behavior is morally acceptable, then it is acceptable for that person."
9-7 Bias for or Against Change
改变好不好，it depends！ 过度强调变化，不抓住“变化中的不变”；拒绝改变，固执于自己的一套。这两个都是极端思维，或上面说的绝对化思维。
哪些过度强调改变，哪些人过度强调不变？
Are you for or against change? The only reasonable answer is "It depends on what the change is." Some changes improve matters; others make matters worse. Yet many people lack that balanced perspective. They have a bias for or against change.
现在是“不确定的世界”，所以for change的人比以前多了。当然更多的人还是against change。
一是习惯于固有的信念，二是ego作祟。
Bias against change, however, is still more prevalent than bias for change. One reason is the force of familiarity. Most of us prefer ideas that we know and feel comfortable with.
Another reason bias against change is so prevalent is our "mine-is-better" perspective. New ideas challenge our sense of security, so we tend to resist them. This explains why many people cling to outmoded traditions.
自我观察，延迟判断！
To overcome either variety of bias toward change, monitor your reaction to new ideas. Don't be surprised if you strongly favor or oppose an idea the first time you encounter it. However, refuse to endorse your first impression uncritically. Instead, suspend judgment until you have examined the idea carefully. If the idea proves insightful and well substantiated, accept it regardless of its oldness or newness; if it is flawed, reject it.
20200917 早晨地铁，读完并整理 poverty of aspect
20200921 晚上下班，读完第2，3，4个perception error，必须重读并整理factfullness这本书啊！
20201012 重读读书笔记，重读3和4 perspective
20201013 下班，接近读完剩余的567 preservative
20201014 早晨上班，读完第9章第七个perspective，准备发博文。
20201114 早晨重读，简单再过一遍，发表。